With age, bone density can decline and joints may become stiffer. Lower activity levels can also reduce muscle strength and balance, increasing the impact of a fall. Regular activity - including strength, balance and weight-bearing movement when safe - helps older adults maintain mobility and function.[1,6]

Calcium and vitamin D remain important for bone health. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium, while adequate calcium contributes to bone structure. Food should be the starting point, and supplementation is best individualised, especially for people with osteoporosis risk, low dietary intake, limited sun exposure or other medical considerations.[5,7,8]

Occasional forgetfulness - such as taking longer to recall a name or misplacing an item - can occur with normal aging. More concerning changes are those that interfere with everyday tasks, such as managing bills, using the phone, driving safely, following familiar routes or having a conversation.[2,3,6]

When to seek medical advice

Arrange a medical assessment if memory or thinking changes are new, worsening, affecting daily independence, or noticed by several family members. Some causes of memory problems are treatable, so early evaluation matters.

Numbness, tingling, burning pain, weakness or balance problems can be related to peripheral nerve problems. Risk rises with conditions such as diabetes and vascular disease, but symptoms can also have other causes. Persistent or progressive symptoms should be assessed rather than automatically treated with a supplement.[4]